Jian ware or Jian Zhan (建盏), is one of the eight famous ceramics of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), a popular type of tea ware which has a close connection with the prevalent culture of tea competitions during that era. Jian Zhan is used by the imperial court therefore its manufacturing, craftsmanship and quality were subject to strict requirements and regulations.
So, what is Jian ware? In simple terms, Jian ware refers to teacups or tea bowls with crystalline black glaze made in the Jian kilns. The name "Jian" is derived from the "Jian" kiln and "zhan" (盏) for teacup, forming the collective term for tea utensils. Jian ware is categorized as stoneware as it is fired in 1300 Degrees Celsius.
Song Dynasty painting depicting Literati enjoying tea in Jian Ware
The name "Jian" is originated from the province of Fujian in China. Why Fujian province? This is due to the high iron content found in the clay only originated in the province of Fujian. The specific mineral content and properties of the local clay contribute to the creation of the characteristic dark glaze associated with Jian ware.
Traditional Song type firing process of producing Jian Zhan has been lost for more than 700 years and has only been rediscovered and revived in the late 70s and early 80s. Modern craftsmen have been mastering and perfecting this art till today, constantly trying to achieve the same high standards which the Song dynasty imperial standards have set.
Traditional Firing Process in a Dragon Kiln
The kiln technology used to produce Jian ware, including the reduced oxygen firing process that creates the dark glaze, was developed and perfected in the Jianyang, Fujian region.
While Jian ware is primarily associated with Fujian, it's worth noting that variations and imitations of Jian ware, sometimes referred to as "Jian-type ware," have been produced in other parts of China and the world. These may mimic the dark glaze and style of Jian ware, but true Jian ware remains closely linked to the Jianyang region and its unique history, materials, and techniques.
Characteristics of a Jian Zhan
The reason why Jianzhan is praised as the "number one tea ware in the world" lies in its relatively high iron content (up to 7%-10%). It has a certain magnetism that can adsorb trace mineral elements in water, thereby softening and vitalizing the water.
Furthermore, the pores in Jianzhan can adsorb calcium and magnesium ions, reducing the hardness of water and making the tea softer and more mellow.
Moreover, Jianzhan has excellent preservation effects. When using Jianzhan to drink tea, one can noticeably feel an enhancement in taste. Tea enthusiasts can experience the richness and mellowness of the tea soup after it passes through Jianzhan.
Song Dynasty Jian Ware Fragment
(1) Jianzhan's glaze, categorized by single-color glaze type, belongs to black glaze. From the color presentation principle, it falls under the iron-series phase-separation-crystalline glaze. In terms of firing temperature, it belongs to high-temperature glaze (above 1300°C), and a reducing flame is used during firing.
(2) Both the body clay and glaze materials of Jianzhan have a higher iron content compared to products of the same era. Especially the body, which appears brick red before entering the kiln and turns gray-black after firing (may exhibit yellow-brown colors after oxidation), is referred to as "iron body." Due to the unique characteristics of Jianzhan materials and craftsmanship, it gave rise to the practice of firing in an inverted position during the mature period of Jian kilns, applying partial glaze, and using thick glaze. However, even so, the yield rate is still not high, and high-quality pieces require an element of luck.
(3) The glaze composition of ancient Jianzhan consists of plant ash and weathered iron ore. The body clay uses high-iron clay from the local Water Gourd Kiln area, sourced locally and naturally non-toxic. Authentic modern Jianzhan also follows similar material choices, with variations in the proportions preferred by different craftsmen. It is safe to purchase and use products from reliable sources.
At Jian Zhan Tenmoku, all our Jian Zhan are procured from reliable sources; either from reputable kilns or craftsmen. Our commitment is to introduce this authentic art form to the rest of the world, supporting and preserving this ancient art.